![]() And it dishonorably discharged unfairly high numbers of them, denying them access to some life-altering GI Bill benefits. It delayed their demobilization at war’s end, compounding their disadvantages in the already discriminatory postwar job market. ![]() It denied them the awards and honors and prestige they deserved. (That many of these posts were located in the Jim Crow South, where land was cheap and where powerful congressmen succeeded in attracting military investments, did not help matters.) It subjected them to a deeply discriminatory military justice system, which charged, sentenced, and executed disproportionately high numbers of them. It provided them separate and often unequal recreational facilities on and off posts, in the United States and all around the world. It deprived them of promotions and positions of authority. It confined them, with few exceptions, to the least glamorous, least-skilled, and worst-paid jobs. The military placed them in segregated units, whose enlisted personnel were solely Black and whose senior officers were solely White. Still, of the million or so Black GIs who gained entry in the military, “Jim Crow in uniform” met them at every turn.
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